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(A) Experimental protocol: each animal went through six consecutive days of recording, with sequential exposure to three different ambient temperatures (Ta, 24°C, 32°C, 10°C), which were modified every 2 days (LD cycle 12 h:12H, lights on at 09:00). On each experimental day, the rat received a single injection of either saline (SAL) or the <t>neuropeptide</t> orexin <t>(ORX),</t> administered in a randomized design across the different Tas. The injections were carried out between 12:00 and 15:00, when the rat was particularly quiet, followed by 60 min of variables recording. On the days when a change in ambient temperature was scheduled, this was done 4 h after the injection. (B) Example recording of physiological variables 15 min before the injection and 60 min after (injection time = green dashed line). HR = heart rate, ABP = arterial blood pressure, Thy = hypothalamic temperature, Hyp = Hypnogram (0 = wake, 1 = non-REM sleep, 2 = REM sleep), EMG = nuchal electromyographic activity. (C) Location of every injection site (n = 9; labelled with a circle, correct injection sites in green, out-of-target in red), marked with Fast Green at the end of each experimental procedure, is schematically plotted on atlas drawings [modified from ] to illustrate the distribution and location of RPa injection sites.
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(A) Experimental protocol: each animal went through six consecutive days of recording, with sequential exposure to three different ambient temperatures (Ta, 24°C, 32°C, 10°C), which were modified every 2 days (LD cycle 12 h:12H, lights on at 09:00). On each experimental day, the rat received a single injection of either saline (SAL) or the neuropeptide orexin (ORX), administered in a randomized design across the different Tas. The injections were carried out between 12:00 and 15:00, when the rat was particularly quiet, followed by 60 min of variables recording. On the days when a change in ambient temperature was scheduled, this was done 4 h after the injection. (B) Example recording of physiological variables 15 min before the injection and 60 min after (injection time = green dashed line). HR = heart rate, ABP = arterial blood pressure, Thy = hypothalamic temperature, Hyp = Hypnogram (0 = wake, 1 = non-REM sleep, 2 = REM sleep), EMG = nuchal electromyographic activity. (C) Location of every injection site (n = 9; labelled with a circle, correct injection sites in green, out-of-target in red), marked with Fast Green at the end of each experimental procedure, is schematically plotted on atlas drawings [modified from ] to illustrate the distribution and location of RPa injection sites.

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Activation of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) receptors in the Raphe Pallidus at different ambient temperatures in the rat: effects on thermoregulation, cardiovascular control, sleep, and feeding behavior

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1458437

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Experimental protocol: each animal went through six consecutive days of recording, with sequential exposure to three different ambient temperatures (Ta, 24°C, 32°C, 10°C), which were modified every 2 days (LD cycle 12 h:12H, lights on at 09:00). On each experimental day, the rat received a single injection of either saline (SAL) or the neuropeptide orexin (ORX), administered in a randomized design across the different Tas. The injections were carried out between 12:00 and 15:00, when the rat was particularly quiet, followed by 60 min of variables recording. On the days when a change in ambient temperature was scheduled, this was done 4 h after the injection. (B) Example recording of physiological variables 15 min before the injection and 60 min after (injection time = green dashed line). HR = heart rate, ABP = arterial blood pressure, Thy = hypothalamic temperature, Hyp = Hypnogram (0 = wake, 1 = non-REM sleep, 2 = REM sleep), EMG = nuchal electromyographic activity. (C) Location of every injection site (n = 9; labelled with a circle, correct injection sites in green, out-of-target in red), marked with Fast Green at the end of each experimental procedure, is schematically plotted on atlas drawings [modified from ] to illustrate the distribution and location of RPa injection sites.

Article Snippet: On each experimental day, the rat received a single injection of either saline (SAL) or the neuropeptide orexin-A (ORX) (30 pmol, 150 nL, dissolved in saline, Tocris Bioscience, Cat. No. 1455), administered in a randomized design across the different Ta, so that some animals always received ORX on the first day of exposure, while others received it on the second day.

Techniques: Modification, Injection, Saline, Activity Assay